Social Templates Are The Best Way To Schedule Dozens Of Messages In 5 Easy Minutes [New Feature] - CoSchedule Blog

Social Templates Are The Best Way To Schedule Dozens Of Messages In 5 Easy Minutes [New Feature] Blog Imagine a scenario in which you could plan increasingly social messages without encountering the repetitive procedure. Also, imagine a scenario where you could compose an assortment of magnificent messages to consequently top off your web based life plan without investing energy reordering your messages. Also, imagine a scenario where you could reuse your workâ as a templateâ for whenever you need to plan social messages. Indeed, on the off chance that you could do the entirety of that, youd plan many social messages in a couple of simple minutes. And that wouldâ help you share more to online life andâ get significantly more traffic without losing your important time on dreary errands. Truth be told, you could plan a tremendous assortment of 60+ social messages to range out days, weeks, and even a very long time in under fiveâ minutes to get you 200% more traffic. At least, those are the outcomes some have encountered with the most recent element in your web based life article schedule with social templates.How To Schedule Dozens Of #SocialMedia Messages In 5 Easy Minutes On edge to see social layouts in real life? Watch theâ demo online course now! Presenting Social Templates-Eliminating The Tedious Process Of Manual Scheduling! Let me rehash that: Social formats will assist you with disposing of the monotonous procedure of manual planning. Youll make the ideal social sharing arrangement, calibrate your messages for greatest commitment, and apply your reusable social layout to anyâ blog post or bit of substance on your publication schedule. Heres a see of how social formats will help you reliably share marvelous messages in close to no time: Stop the busyworkâ by easilyâ creating a predefined social sharing arrangement you can reuse over and over. Andâ with the time you spare, you can concentrate on making excellent substance to assemble a reliable after. Calendar many online life messages in mass with reusable social formats. Youll share posts quicker and drive more traffic to your blog in less time. Disregard reordering. Utilize social aides to auto-fill your whole social line so you can concentrate on creating quality messages that expansion client commitment and clickthroughs. Remain predictable with your web based life plan by pre-arranging days, weeks, and months ahead of time with reusable social formats. Remain predictable with your #socialmedia plan by pre-arranging with reusable social templates.Sound great? Heres how to begin: Effectively Add Variety To Your Social Messages To Share More Frequently Social assistants are an apparatus to help youâ add more assortment to your web based life posting plan so you can share all the more frequently without losing your supporters. They have the additional advantage of helping you abstain from reordering messages while making a minute ago alters a breeze. Start by characterizing the sorts of messages youll send with tags,â then basically compose your social message: Writeâ several messages in your social assistants to mix it up into your internet based life posting plan: Social assistants assist you with reusing hashtags, messages, and pictures all through your social line without reordering. What's more, that aloneâ saves you from the repetitiveness of manual booking. Bonus Tip: Since you can reuse social assistants in various messages, you can without much of a stretch alter the social helperâ once toâ automatically update the entirety of the messages that utilization that social aide. Timetable Your Messages Without The Hassle Of Copying And Pasting Youre effectively utilized toâ scheduling messages in your social line to share your contentâ days, weeks, and even a long time from now. So follow that equivalent procedure and utilize social partners to change it up into your social line: At that point, when youre done planning your social line, just spare your difficult work as a social format that you can reuse whenever you plan social messages: Presently you can reuse your social layout for whatever else youd like to share. That implies you can utilize it for blog entries or some other independent substance. Or on the other hand Create A Social Template From Scratch On the off chance that youd rather not make a social line for a current blog entry or bit of substance, that is okay! Essentially start another social format: Thenâ schedule your social line in a fresh out of the plastic new social format: Reward Tip: Create numerous social formats for explicit use cases! For model, make one for sharing new blog entries, another for your Twitter talk, and a third for the new digital book youre taking a shot at. There are no restrictions to what number of social layouts you can make! Reuse Your Social Template To Share Anything In A Few Easy Minutes Presently that youve assembled a social layout, the most effortless part is reusing it to share your substance. Basically open a blog entry or bit of substance on your schedule and apply the social layout you just made: At that point take a couple of simple minutes to fill in your social assistants: When youre done filling in those, youll be set to share yourâ messages! Best of all, it just takes aâ few minutes to top off a whole social line for a considerable length of time, weeks, and even a very long time from now. Is it true that you are Ready To Eliminate The Manual Process Of Social Scheduling? Utilizing social layouts is the easiestâ way to fabricate an internet based life posting scheduleâ once and reuse it over and over. At the point when you utilize this element, youll spare yourself a huge amount of time and youll effectivelyâ remove the issue of retyping your social messages many occasions. Begin utilizing social layouts now with your 14-day free preliminary of . This highlight is accessible for all promoting, computerization, and propelled schedules!

Marriage Verses Living Together

I recollect when my better half and I were dating and we both chose to move in with one another somewhat rapidly. We both felt so as to truly become more acquainted with each other; we needed to perceive how perfect we both were. Along these lines, in only a short three years, we were hitched however living respectively truly end up being an important exercise for what's to come. In today’s society numerous individuals are getting hitched and separated at record rates which are truly influencing individuals sees mentally with regards to marriage versus dwelling together; in this manner, I plan on investigating the two choices to perceive how both of these choices work. A marriage is a lawfully authoritative understanding that concedes each accomplice a more extensive scope of rights and obligations. Cutting off this kind of association requires a legitimate technique. Living together is the demonstration of living respectively without a legitimately perceived association. This permits people to go separate ways with less trouble than if they were hitched. In any case, the two sorts of couples do live respectively and along these lines hobnob. Hitched individuals and living together individuals are in genuine connections, they don’t for the most part choose to live together with somebody they are simply calmly dating. Individuals who are hitched are amazingly dedicated to each other however neither one of the couples will be uncertain of their relationship or in a relationship with somebody they don’t know well overall. Hitched or living together couples don’t need to totally pool their assets; the two sorts of couples do have a monetary stake in the relationship. At any rate, both will pay half of the lease or home loan on a house or condo. This implies the two individuals in the two sorts of connections have something substantial to lose should the relationship fall flat. Hitched and living together individuals are in close connections. This basically consistently incorporates some sexual closeness; in the event that there is no sexual closeness in a wedded or living together relationship, at that point it isn't generally a marriage or even a sentimental relationship. While a few people date without living respectively and not having intercourse, couples who live respectively are quite often in sexual connections, regardless of whether they’re wedded or not. Individuals ordinarily demand that a bit of paper, alluding to the marriage permit, is the main contrast among marriage and living together, this is a long way from being valid. A marriage permit is a report that radically changes a relationship. One significant way that it does this is by protecting the relationship regardless of whether one or the two accomplices leave. Relationships don't just break down in light of the fact that people don't care for how things are proceeding to wish to contribute their vitality somewhere else. Rather, a couple must experience a separation and have a court end their relationship. At the point when two individuals live together, they live as indicated by an understanding that might be founded on various elements, for example, feelings or budgetary accommodation, yet by and large there is no legitimate duty restricting one to the next. In the event that the second emerges when the circumstance not, at this point appears to be reasonable, the two gatherings can immediately cut off their ties. In many locales, there is anything but an exceptional group of law directing how cohabitants’ property ought to be isolated or how the least monetarily fit accomplice ought to be thought about after the separation. With wedded accomplices, be that as it may, these are significant contemplations. Another significant contrast among marriage and living together is freedom. At the point when individuals wed, they take pledges, which are lawful and for the most part strictly endorsed guarantees. A wedded individual isn't allowed to go into personal relations with others. Notwithstanding the danger of separation and the money related implications that it can host for the liable get-together, it is additionally conceivable in numerous states for one companion to sue another for infidelity. At the point when individuals cohabitate, giving up the freedom to personally associate with others is a decision, and if an individual demonstration conflictingly, it represents no lawful danger. Marriage and dwelling together additionally contrast with respect to the dynamic. Mates have a place with each other, and if there is a desperate choice to be made and one individual can't do as such, her accomplice will be called upon to follow up for her sake. At the point when people are living together, they don't by and large increase the privilege or obligation of settling on choices for their accomplices, regardless of to what extent they remain together. While numerous individuals decide to live respectively, others despite everything lean toward marriage. Research has demonstrated that couples who wed for the most part have a sense of safety and are increasingly dedicated to making their relationship work. Individuals ought to never move in together for comfort. It ought to be a very much idea choice that is gone before by a lot of conversation and arranging.

4 Simple Steps to Turn Emails into Tasks

4 Simple Steps to Turn Emails into Tasks According to Inc.  the average U.S. worker spends a whopping 30 hours per week, simply checking their emails. At MeisterLabs, we’re all about helping users work smarter, not longer, so to cut down on email admin, we’ve created a turn emails into tasks feature for MeisterTask. With our newly updated turn emails into tasks feature, you can create and forward tasks from your email account to your MeisterTask Project Board and relevant Section, in just a few clicks. There’s no need to set up any additional integrations, just sign-in or sign-up for MeisterTask  (it’s free!) and follow the simple instructions below. So How Does It Work? Every time you create a new section in a project, MeisterTask will automatically generate a specific email address for that section. Then, when you send an email to that stated address, the contents of the email will be converted into a task via the turn emails into tasks feature. The task will then appear in the desired section in MeisterTask, just like that. Once you have at least your key section email addresses saved, you’ll be able to convert emails from your email client into actionable tasks, with a couple of clicks. The contents of the task (task title, task attachments, and task tags) will be determined by what’s in the email â€" more on that below. 4 Steps to Turn Emails into Tasks 1. Create your VCard via the section email First, hover over the  section  you’d like to create an email task automation for and click on the white drop-down arrow. Then, in the small Appearance  information box, click on  Actions. At the bottom of the Actions information box, you’ll find an email address. All emails sent to this address will then be added to the corresponding section, as tasks. 2. Save your VCard as a contact From there, you can either copy and paste the email address to your email client, or click VCard in order to receive an email from the stated address. From either of these routes, make sure to save the address as an email contact in your email client, including the project and section name. This will mean that when you’re emailing in the other direction, to set up a task for the respective section, the email address is already saved as a contact. As a result, the process can be completed in just a couple of clicks. 3. Include all task details within the email Tasks created via email can include the following information. You can add any additional details to your emails before forwarding them, in order to embellish the task: Your email subject will become the task title Your email content will form the task description Email attachments will be included as attachments in your task. For example, if your email includes an attached Microsoft Office document, this will show up in your task Tasks can be tagged using #hashtagged words. Within the body of the email, include a # ahead of any word that you’d like to include as a task tag. So include #blog and the task will be assigned the blog tag within the relevant Project Board, presuming this tag is already set up in MeisterTask. The task will only include the features mentioned in the email, so for example, if there are no hashtags within the email body, the task will include no tags. Tip: Remember to remove any ‘forwarded from’ text or email footers before sending on the email, to prevent the body of your task from becoming clogged up with unnecessary text. 4. Press send and tackle the task Following the above steps to turn emails into tasks, your task should end up looking like so: The task will be unassigned, but you’ll be listed as a watcher, meaning you can assign it as you please from there. If you assign it to another team member, as a watcher you’ll remain updated with all task progress, being alerted for example when the task is completed. So now you have all of the instructions, why not give turning emails into tasks a try? Feel free to leave questions in the comments below and happy scheduling! Reach Inbox Zero Get Started with MeisterTask Its free! Get Started with MeisterTask 4 Simple Steps to Turn Emails into Tasks According to Inc.  the average U.S. worker spends a whopping 30 hours per week, simply checking their emails. At MeisterLabs, we’re all about helping users work smarter, not longer, so to cut down on email admin, we’ve created a turn emails into tasks feature for MeisterTask. With our newly updated turn emails into tasks feature, you can create and forward tasks from your email account to your MeisterTask Project Board and relevant Section, in just a few clicks. There’s no need to set up any additional integrations, just sign-in or sign-up for MeisterTask  (it’s free!) and follow the simple instructions below. So How Does It Work? Every time you create a new section in a project, MeisterTask will automatically generate a specific email address for that section. Then, when you send an email to that stated address, the contents of the email will be converted into a task via the turn emails into tasks feature. The task will then appear in the desired section in MeisterTask, just like that. Once you have at least your key section email addresses saved, you’ll be able to convert emails from your email client into actionable tasks, with a couple of clicks. The contents of the task (task title, task attachments, and task tags) will be determined by what’s in the email â€" more on that below. 4 Steps to Turn Emails into Tasks 1. Create your VCard via the section email First, hover over the  section  you’d like to create an email task automation for and click on the white drop-down arrow. Then, in the small Appearance  information box, click on  Actions. At the bottom of the Actions information box, you’ll find an email address. All emails sent to this address will then be added to the corresponding section, as tasks. 2. Save your VCard as a contact From there, you can either copy and paste the email address to your email client, or click VCard in order to receive an email from the stated address. From either of these routes, make sure to save the address as an email contact in your email client, including the project and section name. This will mean that when you’re emailing in the other direction, to set up a task for the respective section, the email address is already saved as a contact. As a result, the process can be completed in just a couple of clicks. 3. Include all task details within the email Tasks created via email can include the following information. You can add any additional details to your emails before forwarding them, in order to embellish the task: Your email subject will become the task title Your email content will form the task description Email attachments will be included as attachments in your task. For example, if your email includes an attached Microsoft Office document, this will show up in your task Tasks can be tagged using #hashtagged words. Within the body of the email, include a # ahead of any word that you’d like to include as a task tag. So include #blog and the task will be assigned the blog tag within the relevant Project Board, presuming this tag is already set up in MeisterTask. The task will only include the features mentioned in the email, so for example, if there are no hashtags within the email body, the task will include no tags. Tip: Remember to remove any ‘forwarded from’ text or email footers before sending on the email, to prevent the body of your task from becoming clogged up with unnecessary text. 4. Press send and tackle the task Following the above steps to turn emails into tasks, your task should end up looking like so: The task will be unassigned, but you’ll be listed as a watcher, meaning you can assign it as you please from there. If you assign it to another team member, as a watcher you’ll remain updated with all task progress, being alerted for example when the task is completed. So now you have all of the instructions, why not give turning emails into tasks a try? Feel free to leave questions in the comments below and happy scheduling! Reach Inbox Zero Get Started with MeisterTask Its free! Get Started with MeisterTask

The Term Productive Aging Was Coined By Robert Butler

The term productive aging was coined by Robert Butler in 1983 at the Salzburg Seminar. Productive aging was introduced in order to deviate from preconceived notions that all elders are in a declining state of health and have limited functional abilities in comparison to younger counterparts (Butler Gleason, 1985). The basis of occupational therapy is closely tied to productive aging. All occupational therapy practitioners share a common goal; to enhance the lives of all people across the lifespan by teaching adaptive life skills, engaging in meaningful occupations, and promoting a functional, productive, and fulfilled life regardless of age. Aging is not synonymous with ‘declining’, and occupational therapy practitioners must look beyond the stereotypes and see the person as a holistic being without focusing solely on chronological age. Physical activity is especially important in regard to productive aging due to the health benefits associated with exercise and other forms of physical activity. It is important that physical activity be incorporated with a meaningful activity. For example, if a patient is not keen on exercise, it would be best to engage in an activity that the patient would enjoy. Assessing the patient s needs and interests is the most efficient way to come up with an activity. Physical activities that are meaningful may involve gardening, meal preparation, shopping, walking, swimming, dancing, etc. Ultimately, physical activity lessens the risk ofShow MoreRelatedAgeism in America1709 Words   |  7 PagesAgeism in America The term ageism was coined in 1969 by Robert Butler, the first director of the National Institute on Aging. He used the word to describe the process of systematic stereotyping of people because they are old. Ageism is a term that is similar to other ‘isms in society, such as racism and sexism. Ageism allows other generations to see older people as different from themselves; thus they subtly cease to identify with their elders as human beings (Butler, 1975). All people, includingRead MoreAge Discrimination and Mandatory Retirement3100 Words   |  13 Pagesthey are living longer, maintain lifestyles that are more active and are generally better able to continue working than in the past. The real challenge is the reality of how the insufficient number of young people will fill the vacancies left by the aging workforce. Mandatory retirement may be unavoidable, as older workers are forced from the work field to create more vacancies for new younger employees. According to most seniors, it is an unfair practice and does not take into account if the personRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSaddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge. — 15th ed. p. cm. IncludesRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesStrategic Marketing Management Dedication This book is dedicated to the authors’ wives – Gillian and Rosie – and to Ben Gilligan for their support while it was being written. Acknowledgements Our thanks go to Janice Nunn for all the effort that she put in to the preparation of the manuscript. Strategic Marketing Management Planning, implementation and control Third edition Richard M.S. Wilson Emeritus Professor of Business Administration The Business School Loughborough University Read MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesprogram. He has been a member of the Portland, Oregon, chapter of the Project Management Institute since 1984. In 1995 he worked as a Fulbright scholar with faculty at the Krakow Academy of Economics on modernizing Polish business education. In 2005 he was a visiting professor at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, Thailand. He received a B.A. in psychology from Claremont McKenna College and a Ph.D. in management from State University of New York at Buffalo. He is a certified project management professional

Should Sports Gambling Be Legal - 2342 Words

INTRODUCTION Local legal casino gambling has gained popularity in the United States after a long history of prohibition in many parts of the country. Casino gambling was outlawed in the early 1900’s before being legalized in Nevada and the city of Las Vegas in 1931. In 1978, gambling was legalized in Atlantic City, New Jersey (casino-history.org). Las Vegas continues to dominate as the number one casino destination. Atlantic City and New Jersey have taken a hit as completion in surrounding states increases every year. Pennsylvania surpassed New Jersey as the number two casino destination in the United States in 2015 (Tisdall 2). Today, 43 states have casinos (americancasinosguide.com). Since the birth of the Internet, gambling online has grown into a new industry. Online gambling is continuing to grow to this day and is an industry already worth billions. Many of the issues in today’s society and legislatures have moved away from the issue of if casinos should be legal towards the issue of should sports gambling be legal on websites such as draftkings.com and fanduel.com. Legalized casino gambling is still a very important topic that continues to cause controversy throughout the states. According to statista.com, the United States casino market had revenues of approximately 65 billion dollars in 2015. This revenue stemmed from the 1,511 casinos open throughout the United States (statista.com). The sheer amount of revenue the casino industry produces each year makes it aShow MoreRelatedGambling and Sports1027 Words   |  5 PagesShould Sports Gambling Be Legalized? Gambling is a common practice throughout human history, one that appeals to the individual’s desire for gain and offers the thrill of risk or uncertainty. Sports gambling is the â€Å"wagering of money or other items of value on the outcome of a sporting event, dependent either wholly or in part on chance† (Thompson, 2008, p. 1). Sports gambling generates billions of dollars annually, with large events like the Super Bowl or World Series alone able toRead More Gambling Essay1614 Words   |  7 Pages Gambling, while it lowers taxes and creates jobs, it also causes addicts to lose money and therefore creates a higher crime rate.A Quick History of Gambling.Gambling was a popular pastime in North America long before there was ever a United States. Playing cards and dice were brought over by both the British and the Dutch. By the end of the 17th century, just about every countryseat in colonial America had a lottery wheel. Cockfighting flourished thoughout the cou ntries, especially in the SouthRead MoreA Farmer Of Louisiana, Not An Insider Trading Scandal1036 Words   |  5 PagesA farmer in Louisiana, not an insider trading scandal, will destroy the multibillion dollar daily fantasy sports (DFS) industry. DFS is a rapidly growing segment of the online sports gaming industry where popular sites have grown by approximately 300% over the last year and are currently valued at over $1 billion (Miller Singer, 2015). Leung (2015) describes the basic DFS tournament as a weekly tournament where professional athletes are allocated a value based on past performance. She says thatRead MoreShould Daily Fantasy Sports Games Be Considered Forms Of Gambling?1651 Words   |  7 PagesShould Daily Fantasy Sports Games Be Considered Forms of Gambling? Approximately 80% of Americans gamble at least once per year, in the amount of approximately $500 billion in 2013 (Aziz). Gambling has long held a tradition in America and is now becoming a ubiquitous industry. In recent years, as the gambling industry evolves with technological advancements, the growth of online sports wagering has created widespread concerns beyond those of traditional casino gambling. Legality of real sportsRead MoreLegalizing Sport And Casino Betting945 Words   |  4 Pagesany other sporting event in the world. The vast majority of people who place these wagers live in states where sport’s gambling has long been illegal. Even those seemingly innocent NCAA office pools or friend to friend sports wagers are against the law in most counties across the state. Surveys indicate that in many states, people are overwhelmingly in favor of legalizing sport and casino betting. However, state legislators continue to have great difficulty passing legislation to allow betting becauseRead MoreShould Sports Be Legalized?978 Words   |  4 PagesSome jobs would also be created if online gambling was legalized. Many of the existing online gambling sites would move their operations to the United States, while other sites would be newly created in here. The jobs created would range from computer programmers to customer service jobs (Rousu). Our economy is always looking for new jobs to decrease the unemployment rate. This is a great way to lower unemployment and increase the economy at the same time. In Canada, the provinces experience additionalRead MoreHow Online Gambling Is The Legal And Development Insights Right Here Essay1464 Words   |  6 PagesHow to Make a Gambling Website? Considering to launch an online gambling business? Get to know all the legal and development insights right here. Online gaming and gambling industry is ripe and striving. The estimated global revenues are predicted to hit $56.8 billion by 2018. If you are planning to start a gambling website, there might be no better time than now. However, before you consider creating a betting website or hiring a gambling website development company to do the job for you, youRead MoreEffects Of Gambling On College Students861 Words   |  4 Pages Gambling is the activity or practice of playing a game of chance for money or other stakes. Activities that are considered gambling are betting on sports and races, lotteries, card games like blackjack and poker, and casino games like slots and roulette. Bingo and raffles are technically gambling, but there are no major concerns about them, so they are not included here. Though gambling is legal within many states, it is does not make it right for people to engage in such activitiesRead MoreEffects Of Gambling On College Students861 Words   |  4 PagesGambling is the activity or practice of playing a game of chance for money or other stakes. Activities that are considered gambling are betting on sports and races, lotteries, card games like blackjack and poker, and ca sino games like slots and roulette. Bingo and raffles are technically gambling, but there are no major concerns about them, so they are not included here. Though gambling is legal within many states, it is does not make it right for people to engage in such activities. This is especiallyRead MoreImpact Of Gambling On The United States1647 Words   |  7 PagesApril 2017 Gambling’s rise to Legality in the United States Gambling has been a popular activity in the United States from the 1600’s to the present day United States. As gambling grows as a worldwide enterprise, it expands the United States with the opportunities it provides and the attention it consumes. Gambling as a whole benefits different recreational activities and events such as sports. Gambling also allows people visiting places like Las Vegas to enjoy playing poker with

Working in Groups Free Essays

Teamwork can be defined as a â€Å"collection or coalition of people who interact meaningfully in the pursuit of common goals or objectives and who have at least a tacit sense of agreed standards, values and common identity† (Schein, 1965). This has left many academics to analyse the benefits of working within a group, and how these compare to the disadvantages. Working in groups has become increasingly popular with academics and organisations due to the excessive advantages which are obtainable. We will write a custom essay sample on Working in Groups or any similar topic only for you Order Now Groups who set their mind on one specific goal can draw on each other’s knowledge, perspectives and experiences which increase the quality of innovation. There is much evidence suggesting that teams â€Å"outperform individuals when the tasks being done require multiple skills, judgement and experience† (Sims, R 2002) compared to those working alone. Members of a team could develop new ideas which can encourage their own learning and widen their knowledge and interpersonal skills with other people.However, many critics view that low- performing teams are â€Å"characterised†¦ by conflict among members† (Sims, R 2000) when there are diverse opinions; these could arise due to the different learning styles we posses. This is supported by Honey and Mumford (1992), they categorised learning styles into activists; reflectors; theorists or pragmatists. This was further emphasised within the 3 hour workshop I was asked to prepare because I found I had to consider all the styles for the newly appointed graduate management trainees otherwise conflicts could amount.Another disadvantage of working within a group could delve from the dictatorship which can occur from an overbearing leader. Buchanan and Huczynski (1985) define leadership where â€Å"one individual influences the behaviour of others. † Proposing these influences are negative, then individuals who are shy may feel intimidated and unwilling to share ideas. Some of the basic tactics of influence have been summarised by Forsyth (1998: 521) as bullying; manipulation; demand and evasion. This domineering influence may leave individuals â€Å"to form sun- cultural units- based around resistance to managerial activities. This hostility may impact upon the group performing poorly by the tension and stress that has occurred. However, it can be argued that a leader brings organisation by directing group members to a particular task to achieve a goal. They are in a sense attracted to â€Å"help each other overcome obstacle and barriers to personal growth and development† (Cartwright and Zabder, 1968). This had been demonstrated during the ‘Sonare Desert’ activity whereby I found as a group we had reached better decisions.I personally conclude the reason being was because we had appointed a team leader who was able to communicate â€Å"a clear understanding of the team’s objectives† and appoint the members to sections of the task to complete it in good time, so we had time to discuss it as a group after. The clarity of the leaders’ direction and instruction allows an excellent communication tool between the leader and the members of a team. Overall, I feel working in groups provides an opportunity which would not be readily available for individual learners.This is because members may introduce new ideas, perspectives and experiences which may increase an individuals’ knowledge. This is supported by most social scientists and theorists who emphasise the benefits of working within a group. Although it can be questioned as to what extent working in groups is beneficial to all types of situations. How to cite Working in Groups, Papers Working in Groups Free Essays Aryanna Cabrera Working in Groups Thesis Statement: Working in groups has many downsides and few upsides for its participants. I. Body 1: A. We will write a custom essay sample on Working in Groups or any similar topic only for you Order Now Positive side to group work is limited. B. Less work to do, more people. C. More ideas than just one person. II. Body 2: A. Negative side to group work is more abundant than the positives. B. Different opinions lead to disagreements. C. Not everyone does his or her job. III. Body 3: A. Evaluation is unfair most of the time. B. Individual contributions are not reflected in the grade. C. If someone is not doing his or her job, report it to the teacher. When working in groups, students are usually evaluated on others work. If they did a good job then everything is fine, but if they did a bad job, it could potentially hurt the evaluation process. Working in groups has many downsides and few upsides for its participants. Positive things about working in groups are very limited. One of the positive things about group work is that work can be divided among several people, which can help the job get done faster than if it was all done by one person; like John Heywood said: â€Å"Many hands make light work. † Another good thing is that a group of people brainstorming together will come up with more ideas and solutions than a single person working alone. Vincent Lombardi, an NFL coach, once said that â€Å"Individual commitment to a group effort – that is what makes a team work, a company work, a society work, a civilization work. Everyone must do his or her part in order to be successful and get a good evaluation. This does not always happen. On the contrary, group work has too many downsides. One negative thing about working in groups is that when you have many different ideas and opinions, disagreements are bound to arise, which can stall the project. Some other negatives about group work are that if one person doesn’t complete their tas k, the whole project will suffer; the bigger the group, the more difficult it is to schedule times when everyone can get together. Most times, there is always one person that says they do not know how to do anything; another, that always does all the work and then is going insane, and one that does not do anything until the last minute. â€Å"There are two kinds of people, those who do the work and those who take the credit. † This quote by Indira Gandhi is right on point. Every group always has these kinds of people and that should be taken into consideration by the professor when evaluating. The evaluation process for group works is usually very unfair because it is not individual. It would be considered unfair because individual contributions are probably not reflected in the grades, weaker ones students disadvantage stronger students, and it may be perceived as unfair by students. Daphne Patai, a university professor, once said: â€Å"The professor needs to investigate and learn how the group in fact functioned and who did what. I believe this way the professor makes sure that the grading process is fair for everyone. † Working in groups is supposed to be fun. It should teach the participants how to communicate, how to be responsible, how to collaborate with others, and how to do teamwork. Instead, it makes you want to never want to work in a group again, not trust anyone in the group, and always double check everyone’s work just in case there could be anything wrong. Cathy Middlecamp said: â€Å"When you put students into groups, many of the hard working students do all of the work and the lazy students do nothing and still receive the same grade. This is not fair to those who worked hard, or to those who sat in the corner and talked the entire time. Because of all of the arguments presented above, I believe that working in groups is not wise unless the professor gives individual grades; even then, I do not like working in groups. Works Cited â€Å"Grading Group Projects. † WMST-L. Web. 10 Jan. 2013. http://userpages. umbc. edu/~korenman/wmst/group_grading. html â€Å"Grading Methods for Group Work. † Enhancing Educa tion. Web. 10 Jan. 2013. http://www. cmu. edu/teaching/assessment/howto/assesslearning/groupWorkGradingMethods. html â€Å"Indira Gandhi Quotes. † Brainy Quote. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. http://www. brainyquote. com/quotes/quotes/i/indiragand109081. html â€Å"Inspirational Quotes About Team Work. † Inspiring Team Work Quotes And Short Teamwork Stories. Web. 10 Jan. 2013. http://www. values. com/inspirational-quotes/value/92-Team-Work â€Å"Teamwork Quotes. † Desktop Quotes. Web. 11 Jan. 2013. http://www. desktop-quotes. com/teamwork-quotes. html â€Å"Teaching Stories: Disadvantages of Collaborative Learning. † CL1. Web. 11 Jan. 2013. http://www. wcer. wisc. edu/archive/cl1/cl/story/middlecc/TSCMD. htm How to cite Working in Groups, Papers

No Tears Left To Cry by Ariana Grande free essay sample

It’s official, at 12:00 a.m. on Friday, April 20th, 2018 Ariana Grande released her brand new single, â€Å"No Tears Left To Cry.† This is the first new music she has released since the Dangerous Woman album dropped in May of 2016 and is by far one of her best songs yet. Daniel Welsh of HuffPost called the song, â€Å"Exciting, emotional and unlike anything she’s ever done before.† This song truly represents the idea of leaving bad times in the past and living in the good times instead. This is one of the most creative and trippy music videos I have ever seen. Throughout the video, Ariana is shown walking on the ceiling and walls of a hallway and hanging from a fire escape in a city. Dave Meyers, the director of the music video, stated his opinion on what the video what supposed to convey saying, â€Å"The concept we wanted to explore was the disorientation that you go through in life and the quest we all go through to kind of find the ground again. We will write a custom essay sample on No Tears Left To Cry by Ariana Grande or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † The first part of the behind-the-scenes footage from the making of these videos was released on Youtube on April 23 and shows how many of these crazy stunts were performed by Ariana herself. On the first day of the release, the song had 16 million views on Youtube and was #1 worldwide and in the United States on iTunes. It is now available to listen to on Youtube, Google Music, Amazon Music, Tidal, Soundcloud, Pandora, and IHeart Radio. The number of views and streams continues to climb as this song is becoming increasingly popular among many. I strongly suggest you go listen to one of the most up and coming songs as soon as you can.

Starbucks Marketing Plan for VIA Instant Coffee in India

Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Starbucks Marketing Plan for VIA Instant Coffee in India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Since ages Indians have been more inclined towards tea rather than coffee. As such, marketing coffee in India can be a tough job. But owing to the marketing strategies of companies like Starbucks, a trend of coffee drinking has started picking up, especially among the younger generation. It should be understood that the market trends differ from country to country. The existing managerial literature proves that the marketing strategies available for internalization are not basically the same across cultures (Cayla Arnould, 2008; Mitra Golder, 2002). This report analyzes and justifies a marketing plan for the introduction of Starbucks VIA instant coffee into the Indian market. Appendix 1 demonstrates the graphical representation of the marketing plan. VIA instant coffee is a ve nture that has been over two decades in the making for Starbucks as the corporation readied itself to have a commanding market share in the $21 billion instant coffee market (Business Pundit, n.d.). The major reason behind Starbucks decision to introduce the product is to capture the immense consumer market available in India as the country is home to at least 1.03 billion people and is the second most populated country in the world after China (Johnson Tellis, 2008). In this report, we shall analyse the performance of Starbucks using SWOT and PESTEL analysing methods.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Company Overview, Mission Objective Starbuck’s principal mission is â€Å"†¦to inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup and one neighbourhood at a time† (Starbucks Company Profile, 2011 para. 4). Market Analysis/Audit External Audit This kind of audit is done on variables that the organization cannot control. One of the most commonly used tool for analysing the market of any product is PESTEL. It means the Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal aspects that may affect any business. Figure 1: PESTEL Analysis Economic India is currently the fifth largest economy in purchasing power parity, not mentioning its growing middle class and youth with more disposable income (Johnson Tellis, 2008). Political India is a huge democratic country and the government is engaged in the welfare of its citizens through various economic policies. The infrastructure system of India is becoming better day by day. Technological India is a fast developing country and as such, the modern technological inventions are being adopted in all spheres of life.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Starbucks Marketing Plan for VIA Instant Coffee in India specifically for you for onl y $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social-cultural Starbucks may experience uncertainty avoidance from local consumers due to the predominantly Indian tea-drinking culture. The company may also face a cultural distance between its own marketing strategies and those of its partners in joint ventures (Heerden Barter, 2008). Mistakes arising from misunderstandings of Starbucks brand names in the speciality coffee industry may also arise. The enormous diversity of India, which is typified by inconsistent policies and social-economic inequalities, may also serve as a hindrance (Johnson Tellis, 2008). As groundwork for foundation, Starbucks has been engaged in some social activities in India. According to Sandra Taylor, Senior Vice President of Starbucks’ Corporate Social Responsibility observed, â€Å"We have one effort with our Tazo division and with Mercy Corps, where we are supporting projects in 24 villages in Darjeeling, India, a tea-farming area. One project is t o improve water and sanitation.† (As cited by Michelli 2006, p165). Legal India has stringent policies regarding foreign-owned businesses. Environmental There are many social groups in India that are engaged in the preservation of the environment against pollution. These groups stage protests against companies that are responsible for any kind of pollution. If Starbucks has to face such protests, it will tarnish the company image. But since Starbucks follows the ‘Fair Trade Movement’ policy, it doesn’t have to worry. Market trends: According to BusinessWire (2011), â€Å"†¦the market for coffee in India has been growing steadily as consumers are becoming more acceptable towards international and premium brands† (para. 4). Internal Audit This type is done on variables than can be controlled by the organizationAdvertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Current Market Position Starbucks is the unparalleled market leader in the coffeehouse business, operating more than 17,000 retail outlets in over 55 countries around the world (Starbucks Company Profile, 2011). Target Market Traditional target market for Starbucks includes the â€Å"affluent, well-educated, white collar customers† between the ages of 25 and 44. As the company expand internationally, an emergent target market consists of the â€Å"younger, less well-educated customers in a lower income bracket† (Moon Quelch, 2003). Profit Margins The company posted a 28% increase in fourth quarter profit of the 2011 fiscal year on sustained strong sales at existing retail outlets. For the quarter, â€Å"†¦Starbucks earned $385 million, or 47 cents a share, up from $278.9 million, or 37 cents a share, in the same 2010 period† (Andrejczak, 2011 para. 1). SWOT Analysis Strengths Analysis Taking advantage of opportunities Starbucks VIA instant coffee provides a good opportunity for entering the rapidly growing instant coffee category that other multinational coffee houses cannot match, not mentioning that the company has a good retail opportunity due to its foodservice and product line-up (Thompson Arsel, 2004). Strong financial base Starbucks is a very profitable enterprise reinforced by a strong financial base, thus allowing the entity to expand globally through undertaking new business ventures. International recognition Starbucks brands in the speciality coffee industry has won international recognition. The company continues to maintain a global presence. Its extensive brand recognition has turned into brand preference and eventually into brand loyalty, assisting the company to maintain a strong customer base (Johnson Tellis, 2008). Weaknesses Analysis Weak position in the Indian market The company is yet to make inroads into the Indian tea-drinking culture and it is expected that it may meet challenges trying to establish itself (Johnson Tellis, 2008). High concentrations in the United States This implies that the company may suffer great financial losses if the U.S. retail stores underperform because of harsh economic conditions or intense competition. Opportunities Analysis Opportunities for Global Expansion Starbucks can expand its revenue base by expanding its global operations in countries with rapid economic growth such as India and China (Johnson Tellis, 2008). Co-branding Starbucks can enter into brand-franchising agreements with other partners in emerging markets to boost its sales, reputation and competitiveness (Johnson Tellis, 2008). Threats Analysis Highly competitive market The main competitors of Starbucks in India are Cafe Coffee Day and Barista. Socio-political Groups There are certain social and political groups that are opposed to foreign products. Even though the number of such groups is limited, they can create unnecessary nuisance. Assumptions Assumptions are critical in any market ing plan as they function to standardize the planning environment (McDonald Keegan, 2002). This plan assumes that: VIA instant coffee will achieve a market segment of 10 percent before December 2012 as Starbucks engage more partners and franchises in the Indian market. Price competition for the instant coffee market in India will force price levels down by 15% across the board Marketing Objectives Strategies Marketing Objectives Creating a Starbucks experience that makes customers in India to visit established outlets for the coffee, stay for the striking environment, and return for the connection To build an image and reputation separate from competitors aimed at creating brand loyalty Marketing Strategies Starbuck’s market strategy revolves around â€Å"†¦a deal to buy coffee beans from Tata Coffee, an Indian Company, and work with that firm’s affiliates to open stores in hotels and inside other retail stores† (Bajaj, 2011 para. 2). Segmentation Positi oning: Venkatesh (2011) notes that â€Å"†¦market segmentation is a strategy in which a large heterogeneous market is broken down into small homogenous segments and a separate marketing program is developed for each segment† (p. 15). The market segment selected for VIA instant coffee is the high-end consumer segment and the strategy used will be price discrimination. Estimation of Expected Results It is expected that the introduction of VIA instant coffee into the Indian market will assist Starbucks to rapidly expand its retail operations and increase growth in its speciality sales and other operations. It is also expected that customers will achieve higher satisfaction levels Identification of Alternative Plans and Mixes Alternative Plan Based on initial sales of VIA instant coffee, the company may decide to introduce a new instant coffee product to target the middle class. Sheth (2011) observes that â€Å"the new middle class, especially in large population markets in China and India, is creating large-scale first-time buyers of everything† (p. 167). Marketing Mix for VIA Instant Coffee Product The product – VIA instant coffee – falls under the category of convenience products since it can be purchased from selected retail outlets and supermarkets. It lacks the signature bitterness and darker-roast temperament of brewed Starbucks coffee, thus is seen as an excellent choice to compete in traditional tea-drinking cultures such as India (Business Pundit, n.d.). Price VIA instant coffee will be marketed to the higher-end consumer bracket, thus will retail at a premium price. The company wishes to use the high price tag to demonstrate the high value of the product and its commitment to adequately satisfy customer needs and demands. Chan et al (2010) are of the opinion that an effective price discrimination strategy communicates the unique value of a particular product to the customers. Place The place where a product first premier ed and the distribution networks that exist to ensure the product is adequately restocked are critical success factors for any internalization exercise (Chandrasekaran Tellis, 2008; Douglas Craig, 2011). VIA instant coffee is set to premier in the cities of Mumbai and New Delhi due to their affluent upper class and high population rates. Promotion Promotional activities are critical in exposing the product to the local audience and in targeting marketing communications with the view to elicit positive responses from the targeted audience (Narayan Manchanda, 2009). Starbucks promotional activities revolve around the word of mouth. Budget Marketing and other related activities are costly and, as such, organizations intending to launch new products into global markets must prepare adequately if they are to succeed in their endeavours. Starbucks financial objective obligates management to use the lower store-opening costs model (of up to $ 315,000 per store) when expanding to ensure that expenditures do not exceed returns (Moon Quelch, 2003; Keller, 2011). First Year Implementation Programme Starbucks will embark on partnering with local enterprises that share in the values and commitments of the company. The product will be initially introduced into two of such partnerships in Mumbai and New Delhi to evaluate uptake before comprehensive roll-out strategy into other major cities across India is kicked off in Mid March 2012. Although TV commercials will be aired in mainstream channels to introduce the new product, the main promotional strategy will be through word of mouth. A Market research survey will be done in September 2012 to assess customer attitudes and market share. Conclusion Studies demonstrate that most organizations target to enter international markets not only to exploit their existing competitive advantages (Tsai Eisingerich, 2010; Mayrhofer, 2004), but also to sustain and develop their strategic positioning (Couturier Sola, 2010; Gregory, 200 2). Other factors, such as profits and growth targets, international market opportunities, economies of scale, intense competition in traditional markets, saturated existing market and proximity to global consumers, may also account (Hollensen, 2010). With the introduction of VIA instant coffee into the mainstream Indian market, Starbucks will not only be aiming to enhance its competitiveness but also its strategic positioning. List of References Andrejczak, M., (2011). Starbucks Profit up 28%, Hikes Divided. MarketWatch. Web. Bajaj, V., (2011). A Starbucks Venture in Tea-Drinking India. The New York Times. Web. Business Wire, (2011). Research and Markets: Coffee Market in India 2011. Web. Cayla, J., Arnould, E. J., (2008). A Cultural Approach to Branding in the Global Marketplace. Journal of International Marketing, 16 (4), pp. 86-112. Chan, K. W., Yim, C. K., Lam, Simon S. K., (2010). Is Customer Participation in Value Creation a Double-Edged Sword? Evidence from Professional Fi nancial Services across Cultures. Journal of Marketing, 74 (3), pp. 48-64. Chandrasekaran, D., Tellis, G. J., (2008). Global Takeoff of New Product: Culture, Wealth, or Vanishing Difference? Marketing Science, 27 (5), pp. 844-860. Couturier, J., Sola, D., (2010). International Market Entry Decisions: The role of Local Market Factors. Journal of General Management, 35 (4), pp. 45-63. Douglas, S. P., Craig, C. S., (2011). Convergence and Divergence: Developing a Semiglobal Marketing Strategy. Journal of Marketing, 19 (1), pp. 82-101. Gregory, J. R., 2002, Branding across Cultures, Prentice Hall, London. Hollensen, S., (2010). Global Marketing: A Decision-Oriented Approach. 5 ed. London: Pearson Education. Johnson, J., Tellis, G. J., (2008). Drivers of Success for Market Entry into China and India. Journal of Marketing, 72 (3), pp. 1-13. Keller, K. L., (2011). How to Navigate the Future of Brand Management. Marketing Management, 20 (2), pp. 36-43. Mayrhofer, U., (2004). Internation al Market Entry: Does the Home Country Affect Entry-Mode Decisions? Journal of International Marketing, 12 (4), pp. 71-96. McDonald, M., Keegan, W. J., (2002).  Marketing Plans that Work. 2nd ed. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Michelli, J., 2006. Starbucks Experience, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New Delhi. Mitra, D., Golder, P. N., (2002). Whose Culture Matters? Near-Market Knowledge and its Impact on Foreign Market Entry Timing. Journal of Marketing Research, 39 (3), pp. 350-365. Moon, Y., Quelch, J., (2003). Starbucks: Delivering Customer Service. Harvard Business School. Narayan, S., Manchanda, P., (2009). Heterogenous Learning and the Targeting of Marketing Communication for New Products. Marketing Science, 28 (3), pp. 424-441. Sheth, J. N., (2011). Impact of Emerging Markets on Marketing: Rethinking Existing Perspectives and Practices. Journal of Marketing, 75 (4), pp. 166-182. Starbucks Company Profile, (2011). Web. Thompson, C. J., Arsel, Z., (2004). The Starbucks Brandscape and Consumers’ (Anticorporate) Experiences of Glocalization. Journal of Consumer Research, 33 (3), 631-642. Tsai, H. T., Eisingerich, A. B., (2010). Internalization Strategies of Emerging Markets Firms. California Management Review, 53 (1), pp. 114-135. Venkatesh, R., (2011). New Parameters in Market Segmentation – Ethnic Marketing is the Key. Advances in Management, 4 (11), pp. 15-19. Appendix Figure 1: Marketing Plan (McDonald Keegan, 2002) This report on Starbucks Marketing Plan for VIA Instant Coffee in India was written and submitted by user Mina Lester to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Pablo Neruda Saddest Poem

Eyad R. Saqr ESOL 102 Response Saddest Poem Tow weeks ago one of my classmates has presented a poem from his culture, and I am sure that it’s a Latin culture. The poem is called â€Å"Saddest Poem† written by Pablo Neruda who is as I understood one of the most famous Latinos poet. This poem was translated to English, even though it didn’t lose its original structure. No one can argue about the main idea of this poem that it’s a sad poem and we can clearly see that from the title. Neruda uses many of the poetry techniques to complete a perfect picture ending with this poem. Sitting, metaphor, sounds, and imagery all were the elements that leaded to this nice piece of literature. When I read this poem, I felt that I am watching a movie or seeing something in front of my eyes. I dived in my imagination to live this poem. It’s about a man who is writing a poem to his ex-lover, we can assume that Neruda is the man because it’s written in the first perspective yet we aren’t sure. He is alone; there is only the night and the stars. He is thinking of her. â€Å"I loved her, and sometimes she loved me too. On night like this, I held her in my arms I kissed her so many times under the infinite sky†(6-8) He keeps thinking of her and repeating â€Å"I can write the saddest poem off all tonight†(1,5,11) he is very sad. Then he moved to describe her and their relationship â€Å"she loved me, sometimes I loved her.†(9) Then he compared losing her with â€Å"to hear the immense night, more immense without her.†(13) â€Å"My soul is lost without her†(18) this is a usual saying but its still a personification as well as â€Å"my eyes search for her†¦. my heart searches for her..†(19-20) There is a very nice line that I like because of it sounds, which showed me how sad he is â€Å"We, we who were, we are the same no longer.†(22) The â€Å"wee† sound is just showing how lost and sad he is... Free Essays on Pablo Neruda Saddest Poem Free Essays on Pablo Neruda Saddest Poem Eyad R. Saqr ESOL 102 Response Saddest Poem Tow weeks ago one of my classmates has presented a poem from his culture, and I am sure that it’s a Latin culture. The poem is called â€Å"Saddest Poem† written by Pablo Neruda who is as I understood one of the most famous Latinos poet. This poem was translated to English, even though it didn’t lose its original structure. No one can argue about the main idea of this poem that it’s a sad poem and we can clearly see that from the title. Neruda uses many of the poetry techniques to complete a perfect picture ending with this poem. Sitting, metaphor, sounds, and imagery all were the elements that leaded to this nice piece of literature. When I read this poem, I felt that I am watching a movie or seeing something in front of my eyes. I dived in my imagination to live this poem. It’s about a man who is writing a poem to his ex-lover, we can assume that Neruda is the man because it’s written in the first perspective yet we aren’t sure. He is alone; there is only the night and the stars. He is thinking of her. â€Å"I loved her, and sometimes she loved me too. On night like this, I held her in my arms I kissed her so many times under the infinite sky†(6-8) He keeps thinking of her and repeating â€Å"I can write the saddest poem off all tonight†(1,5,11) he is very sad. Then he moved to describe her and their relationship â€Å"she loved me, sometimes I loved her.†(9) Then he compared losing her with â€Å"to hear the immense night, more immense without her.†(13) â€Å"My soul is lost without her†(18) this is a usual saying but its still a personification as well as â€Å"my eyes search for her†¦. my heart searches for her..†(19-20) There is a very nice line that I like because of it sounds, which showed me how sad he is â€Å"We, we who were, we are the same no longer.†(22) The â€Å"wee† sound is just showing how lost and sad he is...

Developing Effective Employment Relationships Essay - 2

Developing Effective Employment Relationships - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that businesses today face a lot of challenges, ranging from international competition growth to changes in the technology market that impact business direction. One of the most fundamental challenges is establishing effective employment relationships, both in a recessionary environment and in a more conducive and stable economic climate. To build effective employee/manager relationships, there are several leadership models that provide valuable human resources-based outcomes. These include transformational leadership, laissez-faire leadership, and transactional leadership. All three of these models have differing approaches to building successful employment relationships, either focusing on autonomy, inspiration and vision iteration, or establishing effective rewards for meeting performance targets. Whatever model utilized in the organizational environment, there are opportunities and challenges associated with how employees will respond i n a recessionary environment and when economic conditions are more favorable for business growth and development. During a recession, employees begin to find personal concern about their employment security. Job security, under respected models of psychology, is a fundamental need that must be fulfilled before the employee can achieve self-esteem, a sense of social belonging, or achieve full self-actualization; the process of reaching the pinnacle of motivation and self-expansion. When employees feel that their jobs are in jeopardy, they will be more resistant to enacting change processes and will be de-motivated toward meeting performance expectations. When employees feel that their job positions are in jeopardy due to economic recession or business slowdowns occurring as a result of the macro-level economic environment, they are less motivated to perform under Expectancy Theory. Under this theory, employees choose a certain behavior based on the perceived desirability of the outco me of this behavior. Economic recessions often lead to internal job reductions through layoffs, thus consolidating job roles until the recession has run its life cycle and business returns back to expected levels of profitability. Employees that have remained behind and witnessed job losses with important reference group colleagues and associates, issues of job security are fresh on the minds of the employee.

Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Interview - Essay Example All three of them were from different places. John was from Arizona while William was from Sydney and Martin from London. A number of topics such as their early life, school life, interests, hobbies, jobs, experiences etc were discussed with them. Their answers have changed my perception about the senior citizens. They are the role models for the younger generation. Early life A peep into the early life of these senior citizens was a refreshing experience. They always used to live together with the entire family which gives an excellent image of their lifestyle. Their parents had always thought them to value the relations. Young children along with their grandparents and parents made up for the perfect family. Stories of children playing together with each other, fighting for toys were a refreshing feeling. All the vacations to the farm, the celebrations, birthday parties with all the brothers and sisters are enough to prove the bonding which they had with each other. The best part o f their life has been the way their bonding has been carried out for years. They never miss out on any opportunity to meet on occasions. This bonding has been carried out over the years and has been passed on to their children as well. Interview with them also gave insights about their first home. Though they were not able to recollect all the information as to where their first house was, most of them said that their first home was somewhere near the valley. They played with their friends, brothers and sisters in the lawn which was a part of their first home. The most exciting part of their life was that most of them used to play with the cattle while they took them for grazing. I am a part of a generation which expects students to create advanced gadgets. But after knowing about the life of these senior citizens, I have realized that I have missed out something in life. John was born in the state of Arizona, during the Second World War. Though it was the time of war where thousand s of soldiers and sailors were sunk by the Japanese warplanes, their families always stayed together. They explained how their parents made sure that their children were not affected by the war and gave them all the values to be a good citizen. This picture of their family tells us the sense of bonding they had with each other. The love, bonding and care has been carried out over the years and something which everyone should learn from them. A lot was learnt about these senior citizens and their early life. It changed my thinking about the bonding between the brothers and sisters. My perception on them was that everyone during their growing up had forgotten each other and got along with life. They have proved my view on them wrong. Even after years, they have maintained the same love and bonding with each other. It is a lesson for most of us in the younger generation who are in the race to win and succeed. It has changed my perspective towards life. Everyone should grow like them. H appiness is not about just achieving ones personal goals; it is about being lovable towards the ones who care for you. Though they have not grown with the most advanced of technologies around, they have experienced the smallest of happiness in life. Living, sharing and creating happiness with their loved ones has enriched their life. It is the path which they have left for us and we

The Moroccan Goumiers: Origin and History

The Moroccan Goumiers: Origin and History INTRODUCTION Linguistically speaking, the term Goum comes from the Arabic word () pronounced with a Maghrebi accent which means stand up. This term is going to define a military unit that was formed by the French army to be used first internally for pacification purposes and then externally for fighting the Axis powers. The Goums were predominantly Berbers from the region of the Middle as well as High Atlas, their simple lifestyle and isolation from the lowland in Morocco distinguish them from the other Moroccans mainly the Arabs and Arabized Berbers. Their way of fighting made them fierce warriors that were admired by the French militarily and feared by the Germans and Italians, in addition to the fact that they condoned many barbarous acts that they were doing to their enemies. They regard war as a way of living to the extent that they were assiduous in their missions by perfecting their fighting methods. The Goums made a reputation as redoubtable warriors both in Morocco, North Africa and Euro pe with the testimony of many military officers. This research papers will analyze the emergence Goums by dividing the papers into three parts. The first one is devoted to the origin of the Goums, the second to the contribution of the Goums within the French Army in World War II and the last to the fate of the Goums after the end of World War II. The Origin of the Goums and the Pacification of Morocco The Goums were first recruited from the Berber tribes that were objected to the French army such as Ait Warayn, Ait Seghrouchn, Imermuchn, Ichqirn, Izayyan, Ait Yahyathe Goums are: hawk faced Moroccan troops whose specialty is mountain fighting. Their especial value is their uncanny gift for moving silently through trackless mountain country. Their method of working is similar to the action of an incoming tide on a series of sand castles. These waves of Goums could be unloosed on a shapeless mass of mountain country that orthodox troops would find impassable. They would move up silently on any opposition that presented itself, dispose of it and push on regardless of what was happening to those on their right or left. They had a habit of bringing back evidence of the number of victims they had killed, which made them an unpleasant enemy to face.[1] The origin of the Goums goes back to the area of the pacification of Morocco, they were used against the resisting Berber tribes in the Atlas Mountains until 1934, the end of the pacification. The birth of the Goums is going to be in 1908 when the French General D`Amande recruited six Goums in the regions of Chaouia to fight the resistance against France in tribal area.[2] The first resident general in Morocco was General Louis-Hubert Lyautey who intended to rule Morocco indirectly by using the Moroccan elite that would govern the country for the benefit of France. However, his idea of indirect rule did not prove to be successful as the Makhzen under the sultan was not able to control the regions outside its realm (Blad Siba) such as the Atlas Mountains, where tribal societies were either with the central power or against themselves.[3] Lyautey realized that diplomacy is not working with the tribes in the mountains therefore he resorted to organizing North African French troops such as the Tirailleurs and Spahis to fight insurrections. Under these circumstances the Service Des Affaires Indigenes et Renseignements (AIR) came into being, the service divided auxiliaries recruited from the tribes into three distinct groups: Partisans, Mokhaznis and Goums.[4] The Goums were the elite of the French colonial force and their assigned mission was to police the rebellion areas among their tribal areas and was used as Groupes Mobiles,[5] pacification soldiers that performed the task of inspection as they know their areas more than the French. The Atlas Mountains proved to be a difficult mission for Lyautey due to the harshness not only of its mountains but also of its inhabitants, to the extent that the French Morocco was separated from the Atlas Mountains by the River of Oum er Rebia[6], thus deemed a region off the French Control. When Lyautey started his military campaign against the tribes in the Atlas Mountains staring from the city of Khenifra, he encountered a fier ce resistance from the Zaini tribe mainly from Moha ou Hammou, Moha ou Said and Ali Amhaouch.[7] Lyautey relied on Goums as well as Algerian and Senegalese Tirailleurs to get Moha ou Hammou.[8]But the price was high as the French military was subject to many defeats with its pinnacle in the Battle of Lhri. Regarding the ethnic composition of Goums, when they were first formed in 1908 in the region of Chaoia they were a mix of both Arabs and Berbers. However in the late 1920s, the French are going to confine the recruitment of Goums to be mainly from the Middle as well as the High Atlas. From this perspective the Goums were distinct from other colonial troops such as tirailleurs and saphis by being distinctly Berbers, a reason that made France to use them as police officers against any resistance.[9] The Berber tribe of Ait Seghrouchn is going to be the most favored by the French to recruit the Goums. The tribe was attacked by the French and many of its inhabitants decided to enlist in the French army due to the death of their family. The Berber name of the tribe ouchn means wolf. The way of their fighting is derived from their attribution to this animal. According to Barbara erenchih the origin of war goes back to the area of Mesolithic when in fact game animals were scares and a holocaust of animals occurred, and psychologically the prey animals are revered. In Scandinavia the warriors were leaving their human form and assuming the form of a bear when they go to fight. From which the origin of the word berserk came.[10] Consequently, when the Goums of Ait Seghrouchn went to fight they assume the form of a wolf and leave behind their human form. The Goums were noticeable for their quality of loyalty to the extent that they remained faithful to their officers during the dissents in Morocco. As it is stated by Edward L. Bimberg during all these turbulent years the Goums remained steadfast. While the tribes of their origin vacillated loyal to the French one day, fighting them the next the Goumiers remained faithful, not to France, but to their officers, the Frenchmen to whom they owed their fealty.[11] The tribes proved to be a difficult task for the French, but Eventually, it was nature that defeated the tribesmen. The French dammed the streams that ran through the Berber positions, cutting off their water supply.[12] And by 1933, the last of the dissident tribes, the Aà ¯t Abdi, the Aà ¯t Sokhlman and, toughest of them all, the Aà ¯t Haddidou, came down out of their mountain strongholds and submitted to the French generals. The pacification of Morocco was complete.[13] After the end of the pacification, the Goums became ob solete and there was the idea of discharging the Goums as they were no longer needed. However, due to their ferocity and trustworthiness the French agreed to keep them as gendarmerie (police officers) in case new dissents aroused and by the start of World War II the Goums were going to have a new mission where they built a reputation of being fine warriors.[14] Tunisia In 1939 Germany invaded Poland ushering the start of the Second World War and it is obvious that France will be using its colonial troops such as Tirailleurs, Spahis and Zouaves to fight the Axis powers. The Goums were also on the picture, however they were used as a police rather than military force but eventually they were sent to Tunisia to fight the Italian and German forces in its border with Libya. unlike the French, the Berber when they were fighting the Germans had no natural or historical animosity towards them, on the other hand they just fought for the sake of fighting and the fact of being paid for their service was a motivation for them to fight savagely against the Germans.[15] When the French realized the power of the Goums they organized them in tabors to be used in military missions, the tabor came to be used in hand with the word irregular.[16] The Goums were deployed in Tunisia two times. First, In 1940 Tunisia was menaced to be attacked by Italians from its East-South border with Libya. Therefore, in May 1940 the Goums were deployed to Tunisia to fight against the Italians. However, when France lost in the phony war, it negotiated an armistice that allowed the Vichy France to head the country of France. It is worth mentioning that in contrast to the Italians who were being wary of the Berbers as a threat the German did not regard the Berber as a menace but rather a band of peasants. Additionally, France pointed to the Germans that they were used as gendarmerie. Thus they were allowed for their continuation in France Vichy; in the meantime the Goums were the resort of France to build its army without any interference from Germany.[17] The fact of being situated in the mountainous region of Morocco made the action of French officers unnoticeable. What made the Berbers to be highly regarded by the French was their loyalty to the extent that they remain loyal even during their defeat by Germany and under Vichy France. As it is stated by Moshe Gershovich This manifestation of Berber loyalty towards the France`s worst moments in history was celebrated as shining proof of the common bond which had been forged between the two peoples, the ultimate fruit of colonial genius and benevolence.[18] Second, in 1942 the Goums were redeployed in Tunisia where they acquired a reputation as brave and fearsome warriors who showed to the allied forces their skill in infantry They helped capture the city of Bizerte and Tunis, to the extent that Horrocks described the Berbers as The toughest of allon whom pain and discomfort seem to have no effect whatever.[19] The Goums fighting performance in Tunisia made them the suitable candidate to fight the Axis powers in Italy. The Mission in Italy After their participation in Tunisia which showed to the allied forces the fierceness and warrior quality of the Berbers they were taken to Sicily on what was called operation Husky[20] the 4th tabor that went was composed of 58 French officers and 678 Goums.[21] Sicily did not prove to be a hard terrain for the Goums as its rugged and mountainous terrain were similar to the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Nevertheless, they did found the Island hellishly hot, unbelievably dusty and malarial besides.[22] The 4th tabor was essential at helping the American 1st division that were heavily attacked by Italians.[23] The Sicilian campaign ended after the capture of Messina, which proved to be a crucial battle for the Goums as it is proposed by Edward L. Bimberg It was their first adventure overseas, the first time in their history they had fought outside Africathey had overcome what may have been some- thing of an inferiority complex, a sense of being country bumpkins fit to fight only in African wars. One way or another, for the Moroccan irregulars Sicily was an important breakthrough.[24] The fall of Sicily paved the way for the fall of Sardinia and Corsica. The French were aware of the power of the Goums and their competence in war and after their deployment in Tunisia the French army added a metal unit insignia in which it was written Who Laughs Last Laughs Best[25] which served as a reminder for its enemies about the glorious victories of Goums against Germans. In 1943, due to the success of the Goums in Tunisia and Sicily with four tabors being under the command of the allied forces, a new position was created under the name of the Commandment des Goums Marocains (CGM) with Colonel Augustin-Leon Guillaume as its commander.[26] Its role was to maintain communication between those four tabors. The American relied on CGM which would be a part of the fifth army of Clark to invade Italy under the codename of Avalanche.[27] The Goums did not find the new invasion to be hard for as the allied forces did not like the terrain the Goums find an advantage. As it is stated by Edward L. Bimberg, as far as mountain fighting was concerned the Goumiers were at no such disadvantage. The Italian peaks and ridgesmeant nothing to the Moroccans.[28] And while the Germans regarded the mountains as a barrier for defense against the allies, the Goums did not find difficulty in their specialty as mountain warriors. While the Goums did a remarkable job of fighting the Axis powers, a new element of their charater was revelaed by their misconduct that was noticeable by Italians. As it is stated by Edward L. Bimberg: They were not popular with the Italians. This was the result of the off-duty conduct of some of them in the mountain villages and isolated valley farmscertain elements among the Moroccans had engaged in a wild spree of rape and pillage across the Italian countryside when they were not busy killing Germans.[29] In the movie La Ciociara which is based on the novel La Ciociara by Alberto Moravia, the group rape of two women by the Goums after the battle of Mosseni was portrayed. These brutal events were engraved in the memory of Italians as an Italian word marocchinare came to describe those events. In 1964 a monument was erected in the city of Roca di San Pietro, named Mammai Cioria to remind Italians of the atrocities committed by the Goums. The reasons behind the misconduct of the Goums has to do with the fact such things as rape and loot can be explained through the isolation of the Berber tribes in the Atlas Mountains. The reason why the people went to war in the first place was to rape and loot, to the extent that Alexander the Macedonian was portrayed as being gay for not indulging into rape during his conquests.[30] Barbara Ehrenreich stated that war not only depart from the normal; it inverts all that is moral and right: in war one should kill, should steal, should burn cities and farms, should perhaps even rape matrons and little girls. [31] She even pointed out that rape has been endemic wherever warriors rule and was even legalized in medieval Europe as the feudal lord`s droit de seigneur[32] Edward L. Bimberg stated that: Not that they had anything against the ItaliansTheir origins, however, can-not be forgotten; to the Moroccan tribesman, that was the way war was waged. To the victor belonged the spoils, and the Goumiers were somewhat puzzled by the restraints put upon them by their officers.[33] This misconduct of the Goums was used as justification by the French authorities for its brutal policies when dealing with tribal people in Morocco.[34] The Moroccans indulged in rape, theft, pillage and murder, consequently Clark, the head of the Fifth American division under which the Gums were supervised, ordered the execution of law transgressors. Accordingly, 15 Moroccans were executed while 54 were imprisoned to various sentences.[35] The action committed by the Goums came as a surprise to the French officials Alphonse Juin, commander of the French Expeditionary Corps (CFE), and Guillaume. Therefore, the French decided to bring Berber women to Italy through the US Navy LST to prevent future misconducts by the Goums, to the extent that they were the only soldiers in WWII that brought their women with them.[36] Surprisingly the policy did help in quelling rape and pillage but the disgrace did not disappear.[37] Apart from their misconduct in Italy, the Goums were also known for the fact that during the night they would sneak in the American tents and steal their stuff.[38] Additionally, their way of fighting involved also the pro cess of cutting throats and ears which was reminiscent of what the Trojans did to their enemies,[39] the basic aim of these practices was to take souvenirs.[40] The Goums succeeded in chasing the Germans down and reached the cities of Rome and Siena where they fought their last battles in Italy. After that, the Goums have to go to Naples to be embarked directly in southern France to fight the German in what was called Operation Dragon.[41] Italy was an opportunity for Berbers to distinguish themselves again after Tunisia as worthy warriors who can survive under any conduction. As it is pointed out by Edward L. Bimberg: The Italian campaign was the supreme testing ground for the Moroccan Tabors. Could these lightly armed primitive tribesmen survive in modern warfare? Their officers maintained that they could and did, that their performance in the mountains of Italy was proof of their value, even in the most difficult circumstancesSupply alone, with one air drop and 4,000 mules, was in itself an almost magical accomplishment.[42] When the Goums preparing to be embarked in Southern France, the French`s inspector general`s department published a report about the Goums, which mentioned their strong points as well as weak points. It pointed to the qualities of Berbers in warfare such as scouting and patrolling[43] particularly in Mountains, Overflowing or swarming, or what is called by French as de`bordement[44] which means being fast to attack with the element of surprise, in addition to Adaptability, endurance and cleverness in making booby traps.[45] The major weak points of the Goums tend to be lack of inventiveness especially in the absence of French chiefs,[46] the fact of taking orders instead of improvising is a constant characteristic of the Goums, In addition to their reluctance to attack a well-equipped target as they prefer war of movement to a sedentary siege.[47] Another interesting fact that is mentioned in the report is the Goums` dislike and contempt of the tank,[48] which is normal as any warrio r society fears new weapons because not only do they menace their life but also the survival of their groups as fighting elite that is redoubtable and in need of in addition to the fact that a man who fights through a tank is hiding in a machine. For instance, the samurai had the same feelings as they were abhorred by the invention of guns to the extent that they banned it.[49] The report was made with the intent of finding solutions to the weak points as well ameliorating the strong elements of the Goums, for instance by equipping them with anti-tank rifles.[50] The Mission in France The participation of the Goums in operation dragon (also known as Anvil) was at doubt not because the French doubted the warfare power of the Goums, but out of fear from their reputation as being prone to rape and plunder like in Italy, to the extent that Pope Pius XII in Vatican had protested against the use of Goums in Europe.[51] However, General Guillaume defended the Goums and asked for their participation in the French soil. [52] In France, the Goums were going to be under the command of General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny who unlike Giraud, Juin and Guillaume was neither African nor having an experience of fighting in North Africa. Another issue that was an obstacle for the deployment of the Goums in southern France is the military nature of Operation Dragon which was gigantic as it included five battleships, nine escort carriers with 216 aircraft, 122 destroyers and escort vessels and 466 land- ing craft, all from five navies American, British, French, Australian and Greek and an imposing fleet of transports and supply ships as well. [53] Finding room for the Goums among this vast military along with their mules and horses was a cumbersome one. Many officers showed their opposition to the inclusion of the Goums in the ships as well as undermining their capacity as warriors based on their looks. For instance, General Alexander Patch of the American force was against their deployment. Nevertheless, the need for Goums attested to be vital for the Allied forces as General De Lattre convinced the officers that opposed the Goums Deployment in the operation, mainly the Americans. He pointed out to their specialty of mountain warfare which would be useful in getting along the mountain ranges surrounding the two cities: Toulon and Marseille, in addition to the Alps and the Vosges in Alsace.[54] To put things differently, regardless of their look or reputation as rapist and plunderers, the Goums were crucial for the success of Operation Dragon. Moreover, regarding the issue of rape and pillage De Gaulle agreed to the deployment of Goums in France as long as they were not used in cities.[55] Eventually, 6000 Goums along with 1200 mules were embarked in the ship heading towards the shores France.[56] The German forces that were stationed in France to defend the South were the 19th army under the control of General Friedrich Wiese. The major German power was stationed in two major French cities Marseille and Toulon. In the former, it was the 244th Infantry Division as well as naval and Luftwaffe ground units and the latter it was 242nd Infantry Division and the Kriegs-marine.[57] The cities captured by Germany such as Marseille were used as fortresses while the leading roads to the city were fortified by artillery, machine guns, mines and wire.[58] What made the invasion more difficult is due to the fact that the Germans followed Hiller`s rule of fighting to the last man. Regardless of the way the German fought, the Goums had the advantage of identifying war as a reason for their life therefore making the best of it. What was noticeable regarding the Goums in contrast with the allied forces is their Berber character that can be seen from their clothing: djellaba, rezzas and mule-r iding. To the extent that De Lattre described their march toward Marseille as trotting along in single file with their mules, bare footed, their hob-nailed boots hanging about their necks or slung at their belts with their tin helmets. The endless striped djellabas gave the landscape an African appearance.[59] The Goums proved to be worthy of their reputation as fierce warriors, they were mostly used in areas that involved inhospitable terrains such as the Mountains of Alps where the Goums were stationed to guard the eastern border of France with Italy, their mission was to prevent any infiltration of Axis powers to France from the Alps to the Col de Larche while the allied forces guarded the less harsh border between Col de Larche and the Mediterranean Sea.[60] The Alps proved to be a strenuous terrain for the Goums, as it is acknowledged by Edward L. Bimberg The Alpine terrain in that area was particularly difficult, even for the Goumiers. They found the footing around the Col de Larche and the Plateau des Bouchieres extremely unstable. It was all shale, a rock made of densely packed clay that split easily into layers, of a type unique to the territory and strange to the Moroccans They had never before experienced this kind of stone that sheared off underfoot as they marched, making the uphill going doubly difficult and the down- hill even more dangerous.[61] The fight in Alps was an arduous one that generated many casualties from both sides. However, the Goums remained in the Alps only for a month and then replaced by units of the FFI (). As the German received heavy losses in Southern France mainly by losing Toulon, Lyon, Grenoble and Marseille Hitler ordered his troops to evacuate Southern France.[62] The next mission of the Goums in France after the Alps is going to be in the Vosges Mountains. The new terrain was different from the Atlas Mountains as it was heavily forested, dark and dank,[63] to put it in other words Its terrain was perfect for defense, and the Germans had made the most of it.[64] So, De Lattre expected a long battle in the area which was hindered by the weather as well as the harsh terrain, however the general relied on deceiving the German to think that their aim is at the Vosges instead of Belfort Gap, an aim in which he succeeded at. In order to do that, the Goums were kept busy by fighting the German on the mountains,[65] and eventually the victory paved the way to freeing Alsace and getting the Colmar Pocket.[66] The Mission in Germany Obtaining Alzace was not enough for the French, for that reason De Gaulle urged his army to go further, beyond the Alsace in the Rhine to capture the capital of Wà ¼rttemberg and Baden province, Stuttgart. However, there was an obstacle as the other bank of Rhine is settled by the mountainous, wooded terrain of the Black Forest.[67] But that was not obstacle for the Goums whose reputation did not stop at Italy and Tunisia but arrived to Germany too as the people were more fearful of the Goums than the regular allied forces. As it is affirmed by Edward L. Bimberg, The German civilians were, understandably, totally cowed, and the white bed sheets of surrender were displayed everywhere. They were particularly fearful of the Goumiers, whose hooded djellabas and scraggly beards made them seem like some avenging medieval monks.[68] As the French army occupied such cities as Karlsruhe and Pforzheim, the next step is to invade Stuttgart. However, the American forces under the command of Gen eral Devers were engaged in fighting the Germans in the north. De Lattre was recalcitrant to the orders of his superiors and preferred to go to the mission without informing the Americans, his plan was to surround the city by isolating it like a siege and the Goums were used effectively in that matter.[69] Just like Alsace, getting Stuttgart was not enough for the French but they sought something further which is Ulm, the basic interest of French is based on its pride, it wants to be known in history that France reached as far in Germany as the Danube River.[70] Another city that De Latter was after is Sigmaringen, the headquarters of the French Vichy government in exile, under the command of Marshal Petain.[71] Although the two cities were missions for the American Seventh Army De Latter made it a personal mission to get the honor of France as well as capturing the traitors: Marshal Petain and Pierre Laval.[72] Once the Allied forces captured German cities, there was a task that the Goums were skillful at that it was always performed after the fall of each German city, the task was mopping up or what is called in French ratissage.[73] The final place where the Goums along the allied forces fought the German is in the Voralberg Massif in the Austrian Alps.[74] After the End of World War II The Goums fought with the French amry in the world wr two with loulaty and efficiency however Germany was not the last mission where the Goums served but they also went as far as Indo china in 1948 1854.[75]unitl where they severed a heavy defeat in the Tonkin Region in the north, ten tabors were snet to the area, the reason for the deafet is due to the guereilla warafer tactic empoloeyed by the northern vitnamese as weel as the terrain that was unprecendt for the Goums. In the oprocess many leflet were given to the goums incldung other nother African soldiers to join the veitanoimie military by referring to them as comrade. When the Goums were discharged from the French army due to the end of World War II and the changing time in Morocco as Moroccans ask for Independence under the PI, The Goums preferred to support the Pasha of Marakesh, El Glawi in contrast with the supporters of Mohemmed V. the king went into exile and Mohammed Ben Arafa became the sultan for a short period and by the independence.[76] Conclusion The Goums were good at fighting and helped the allied forces in their war against the axis power, they were used under the command of French officers, and they proved their warrior spirit in Tunisia, Italy and Germany. To the extent that only four of the Goums have became prisoners of war during their experiences in Tunisia, Sicily, Italy, France , Germany and Austria.[77] The Goums are specialized in mountain warfare however during their deployment in Europe they proven to be adaptable to other types of warfare. The Goums are not mercenaries but military unit under the international law and a basic evidence of that is the fact that the Goums were fighting in Europe for the sake of France to the extent that When one Goumier was offered a monetary reward, he refused it saying, It is for France.[78] Their reputation seems to be tarnished by the brutal events of Ciociara and the defeat in but still they did a difficult work of helping the allied forces freeing Europe from the Axis power s. Bibliography Augustin-Leon Guillaumes Goums in a Modern War. Military History Quarterly. Winter 2007. http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/20_21_century/ 4644596.html?featured=yc=y Maanouni, Ahmed El dir. Les goumiers marocains(Moroccan Goums). with Eric Deroo and Alain de Sedouy. GMT Productions, 1993. Bimberg, Edward L. The Morrocan Goums: Tribal Warriors in a Modern War. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1999. Eisenhower, John S. D. They Fought at Anzio. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2007. El Merini, Abdelhak. L`armee marocaine a travers l`histoire (Moroccan Army through the History). Rabat: Dar Nachr El Maarifa, 2000. Ehrenreigh, Barbara. Blood Rites: Origins and the History of the Passions of War. Henry Holt and Company: New York, 1997. Gershovich, Moshe. Collaboration and Pacification: French Conquest, Moroccan Combatants, and the Transformation of the Middle Atlas. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 24.1 (2004): 139-146. Gershovich, Moshe. French Military Rule in Morocco: Colonialism and its Consequences. London: Frank Cass, 2000. Ilahiane, Hsain. Historical dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen).The Scarecrow Press: Lanham, Maryland, 2006. Maghraoui, Driss. The Moroccan Colonial Soldiers: Between Selective Memory and Collective memory, in Ali Abdullatif Ahmida, ed., Beyond Colonialism and Nationalism in the Maghrib: History, Culture, and Politics (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, New York: Palgrave, 2000): 49-69. Maghraoui, Driss. Nos goumiers Berbà ¨res: the ambiguities of colonial representations in French military novels. The Journal of North African Studies 7: 3 ( 2002): 79-100. Bouchareb, Rachid. Indigà ¨nes (Days of Glory). with Jamel Debbouze, Roschdy Zem and Samy Naceri. Tessalit Productions ,2006. Van Creveled, Martin. The Tansformation of War. New York: The Free Press, 1991. De Sica, Vittorio dir. La Ciociara (Two Women). with Sophia Loren and Jean-Paul Belmondo.Compagnia Cinematografica Champion, 1960.